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Tic Tac

// Program create on visual studio consol application.
// Project: create Tic Tac game.
// university: Govt. College university.
// Department of computer science.
// submitted by: Muhammad Ateek.
// Roll number: 03-bscs-2011
// sysmester:  1st


#include <iostream> // directory for input and output
#include <cstdlib>  // directory to generate random numbers.
#include <time.h>   // directory to generate seconds as a seeds of random number
#include <windows.h> // directory for clr screeen. and sounds.
#include <string>    // directory to get string type names of players.
#include <conio.h>

void computer();
int checkWinner();
void drawBoard();

using namespace std;
int option, test, row, col,turn, with, option2 =0;

string player1,player2;
char board[3][3];




int main()
{
    cout << "         //////////////////////////////" << endl;
    cout <<"         ///     TIC TAC TOE        ///" << endl;
    cout<<"         //////////////////////////////" << endl;

    do
    {
      option2 = 0; //so we can play multiple times

      system("Color 3E"); // colour of. main game
      cout<<"\nEnter a menu option:\n";



      cout<<"1. Play Tic Tac Toe\n"; // first line display
      cout<<"2. Game detail\n";

      cout<<"3. Owner detail\n"; // sencond line display.
      cout << "4. Quit";        // quit game
      cin >> option;  // choice to play game or owner detail or quit.
      PlaySound("Sound Effect - African Drums.WAV", NULL, SND_ASYNC);
      // sound play during game.

      if(option==2)
      {
          system("cls");

          cout << "\n Game detail\n"
                    "* Press corresponding number to any choice\n"
                    "* For example  1: for play game\n"
                    "* when enter to the game the box will be\n"
                    "  display in this from\n"
                    "* frist is euals to 0\n"
                    "* second is equals to 1\n"
                    "* third is equals to 2\n"
                    "* same with coloums\n\n"
                    "----------\n"
                    "|00|01|02|\n"
                    "----------\n"
                    "|10|11|12|\n"
                    "----------\n"
                    "|20|21|22|\n"
                    "----------\n"
                    "\n* you have to enter the correct position\n\n";
                    continue;

      }


      if(option==3)
      {             system("cls");

          cout <<"\n Owner detail\nProgram create on visual studio consol application.\n"
                    "Project: create Tic Tac game.\n"
                    "university: Govt. College university.\n"
                    "Department of computer science.\n"
                    "submitted by: Muhammad Ateek.\n"
                    "Roll number: 03-bscs-2011\n"
                    "sysmester:  1st\n";
                     continue;


      }

     if(option==1) // check option if it is play.
     {
      cout << "1. for player VS player\n2. for player VS computer";

     cin >> with; // choice to play with computer or not.

     cout << "1st player = "; // first player name.
     Beep(1000,600); // Beep on enter name of 1st player.
     cin >> player1; // enter name.

    if(with==1) // check if choice to play with another player.
     {
         cout << "\n2nd player = ";
         Beep(1000,600); // Beep on entery second name.
         cin >> player2; //entery of 2nd player.
     }

     system("Color 5E"); // colour after menu and start game.
     drawBoard(); // draw complete frame.
     }




       for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
       {
           for(int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
           {
                   board[i][j] = ' ';
           }
       }
      if(option !=4)
      {
        while(option2 != -1)
        {
            if(turn%2 == 0)//if it's even then it's X's turn
            {
                bool condition = true; // bool to check whether the move of player is correct.
                while(condition == true)
                {
                    cout<<"\n\nEnter a move: ";
                    cout << player1; cout << endl; // display name of player1
                    cout<<"Enter the row you wish to make your move on (0,1,2)\n";
                    cin>>row;
                    cout<<"Enter the column you wish to make your move on (0,1,2)\n";
                    cin>>col; system("cls");
                    if(board[row][col] == ' ')
                    {
                        board[row][col] = 'X';
                        turn++;
                        condition = false;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                       cout<<"Invalid move!\n";
                       Beep(500,600);// Beep on display frame or drawboard
                       drawBoard();
                     }
                }
            }
            else if(with==1) // check whether the game is 2 player or computer player.
            {
                if(turn%2 == 1)//if it's even then it's X's turn
              {
                bool condition = true; // bool to check correct position.
                while(condition == true)
                {
                    cout<<"\n\nEnter a move: ";
                    cout << player2; cout << endl; // display of second name.
                    cout<<"Enter the row you wish to make your move on (0,1,2)\n";
                    cin>>row;
                    cout<<"Enter the column you wish to make your move on (0,1,2)\n";
                    cin>>col; system("cls");
                    if(board[row][col] == ' ') // check if space in enter position.
                    {
                        board[row][col] = 'O';
                        turn++;
                        condition = false;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        cout<<"Invalid move!\n";
                        drawBoard();
                     }
                }
              }
            }
                else if(with==2)
                {
                computer();
                turn++;

                }





            if (checkWinner() == 1) //X wins
            {
                system("cls");
                system("Color 4D"); PlaySound("Sound Effect - Fan Fair 01.WAV", NULL, SND_ASYNC);
                cout<<"Congratulations! "; cout << player1; cout <<" won!\n\n"; with++;
                option2 = -1;
            }
            else if(checkWinner() == 0) //X wins
            {
                system("cls");
                system("Color 4D"); PlaySound("Sound Effect - Fan Fair 01.WAV", NULL, SND_ASYNC);
                cout<<"Congratulations! ";
                if(with==2)
                {
                    cout <<"computer ";
                }
                else
                cout<<player2;
                cout<< " won!\n\n";
                option2 = -1;
            }



            drawBoard();
        }

      }

    }while(option != 4);
      cout<<"\n\n\n\nEnter anything to quit.";
      cin>>test;

}

//print the board to the screen
void drawBoard()
{
     cout<<"\n";
     cout<<"\n-------------\n";
     for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
     {
         for(int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
         {
                 cout<<"|"<<board[i][j]<<"|  ";
         }
         cout<<"\n-------------\n";
     }Beep(1000,600);
}

//this method returns a 0 if there's no winner, 1 if X wins, 2 if O wins, 3 if tie
int checkWinner()
{
//check to see if X won


        if(board[0][0] == 'X' && board[0][1] == 'X' && board[0][2] == 'X')
          return 1;
        if(board[1][0] == 'X' && board[1][1] == 'X' && board[1][2] == 'X')
          return 1;
        if(board[2][0] == 'X' && board[2][1] == 'X' && board[2][2] == 'X')
          return 1;

        if(board[0][0] == 'X' && board[1][0] == 'X' && board[2][0] == 'X')
          return 1;
        if(board[0][1] == 'X' && board[1][1] == 'X' && board[2][1] == 'X')
          return 1;
        if(board[0][2] == 'X' && board[1][2] == 'X' && board[2][2] == 'X')
          return 1;

        if(board[0][0] == 'X' && board[1][1] == 'X' && board[2][2] == 'X')
          return 1;
        if(board[2][0] == 'X' && board[1][1] == 'X' && board[0][2] == 'X')
          return 1;
//check to see if O won
        if(board[0][0] == 'O' && board[0][1] == 'O' && board[0][2] == 'O')
          return 0;
        if(board[1][0] == 'O' && board[1][1] == 'O' && board[1][2] == 'O')
          return 0;
        if(board[2][0] == 'O' && board[2][1] == 'O' && board[2][2] == 'O')
          return 0;

        if(board[0][0] == 'O' && board[1][0] == 'O' && board[2][0] == 'O')
          return 0;
        if(board[0][1] == 'O' && board[1][1] == 'O' && board[2][1] == 'O')
          return 0;
        if(board[0][2] == 'O' && board[1][2] == 'O' && board[2][2] == 'O')
          return 0;

        if(board[0][0] == 'O' && board[1][1] == 'O' && board[2][2] == 'O')
          return 0;
        if(board[2][0] == 'O' && board[1][1] == 'O' && board[0][2] == 'O')
          return 0;


}
//computer. generate a random move and see if it's available. if it is, then make it
//if it isn't then generate another random move
void computer()
{
     col = -1;
     row = -1;
     while(col == -1 || row == -1)
     {

        srand( (unsigned)time(NULL) );
        col = rand()%3;
        row = rand()%3;
        if(board[row][col] != ' ')
        {
            col = -1;
            row = -1;
        }
        board[row][col] = 'O';
     }

}

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Searcher

// finder.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application.
//

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int counter = 0;
int main()
{
    string names[5]= {"ali", "ateeq" , "shani", "jani", "azeem"};
    string geter;
    string user;
    cout << "enter name" << endl;
    cin >> user;
   
    for(int j=0; j<=4; j++)
    { geter=names[1];
   
        counter = user.length();
    for(int i=0; i<=user.length(); i++)
    {

           

        if(geter[i]==user[i])
        {
             counter--;
       
          if (counter ==0)
          {cout << geter;}
       
        }
           
           
       
       
   
    }
   
   
   
   
}
    system ("pause");
    return 0;
}

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TicTac Toe Game

// Program create on visual studio consol application.
// Project: create Tic Tac game.
// university: Govt. College university.
// Department of computer science.
// submitted by: Muhammad Ateek.
// Roll number: 03-bscs-2011
// sysmester:  1st

#include"stdafx.h"
#include <iostream> // directory for input and output
#include <cstdlib>  // directory to generate random numbers.
#include <time.h>   // directory to generate seconds as a seeds of random number
#include <windows.h> // directory for clr screeen. and sounds.
#include <string>    // directory to get string type names of players.
#include <conio.h>

void computer();
int checkWinner();
void drawBoard();

using namespace std;
int option, test, row, col,turn, with, option2 =0;

string player1,player2;
char board[3][3];




int main()
{
    cout << "         //////////////////////////////" << endl;
    cout <<"         ///     TIC TAC TOE        ///" << endl;
    cout<<"         //////////////////////////////" << endl;

    do
    {
      option2 = 0; //so we can play multiple times

      system("Color 3E"); // colour of. main game
      cout<<"\nEnter a menu option:\n";



      cout<<"1. Play Tic Tac Toe\n"; // first line display
      cout<<"2. Game detail\n";

      cout<<"3. Owner detail\n"; // sencond line display.
      cout << "4. Quit";        // quit game
      cin >> option;  // choice to play game or owner detail or quit.
      PlaySound("Sound Effect - African Drums.WAV", NULL, SND_ASYNC);
      // sound play during game.

      if(option==2)
      {
          system("cls");

          cout << "\n Game detail\n"
                    "* Press corresponding number to any choice\n"
                    "* For example  1: for play game\n"
                    "* when enter to the game the box will be\n"
                    "  display in this from\n"
                    "* frist is euals to 0\n"
                    "* second is equals to 1\n"
                    "* third is equals to 2\n"
                    "* same with coloums\n\n"
                    "----------\n"
                    "|00|01|02|\n"
                    "----------\n"
                    "|10|11|12|\n"
                    "----------\n"
                    "|20|21|22|\n"
                    "----------\n"
                    "\n* you have to enter the correct position\n\n";
                    continue;

      }


      if(option==3)
      {             system("cls");

          cout <<"\n Owner detail\nProgram create on visual studio consol application.\n"
                    "Project: create Tic Tac game.\n"
                    "university: Govt. College university.\n"
                    "Department of computer science.\n"
                    "submitted by: Muhammad Ateek.\n"
                    "Roll number: 03-bscs-2011\n"
                    "sysmester:  1st\n";
                     continue;


      }

     if(option==1) // check option if it is play.
     {
      cout << "1. for player VS player\n2. for player VS computer";

     cin >> with; // choice to play with computer or not.

     cout << "1st player = "; // first player name.
     Beep(1000,600); // Beep on enter name of 1st player.
     cin >> player1; // enter name.

    if(with==1) // check if choice to play with another player.
     {
         cout << "\n2nd player = ";
         Beep(1000,600); // Beep on entery second name.
         cin >> player2; //entery of 2nd player.
     }

     system("Color 5E"); // colour after menu and start game.
     drawBoard(); // draw complete frame.
     }




       for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
       {
           for(int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
           {
                   board[i][j] = ' ';
           }
       }
      if(option !=4)
      {
        while(option2 != -1)
        {
            if(turn%2 == 0)//if it's even then it's X's turn
            {
                bool condition = true; // bool to check whether the move of player is correct.
                while(condition == true)
                {
                    cout<<"\n\nEnter a move: ";
                    cout << player1; cout << endl; // display name of player1
                    cout<<"Enter the row you wish to make your move on (0,1,2)\n";
                    cin>>row;
                    cout<<"Enter the column you wish to make your move on (0,1,2)\n";
                    cin>>col; system("cls");
                    if(board[row][col] == ' ')
                    {
                        board[row][col] = 'X';
                        turn++;
                        condition = false;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                       cout<<"Invalid move!\n";
                       Beep(500,600);// Beep on display frame or drawboard
                       drawBoard();
                     }
                }
            }
            else if(with==1) // check whether the game is 2 player or computer player.
            {
                if(turn%2 == 1)//if it's even then it's X's turn
              {
                bool condition = true; // bool to check correct position.
                while(condition == true)
                {
                    cout<<"\n\nEnter a move: ";
                    cout << player2; cout << endl; // display of second name.
                    cout<<"Enter the row you wish to make your move on (0,1,2)\n";
                    cin>>row;
                    cout<<"Enter the column you wish to make your move on (0,1,2)\n";
                    cin>>col; system("cls");
                    if(board[row][col] == ' ') // check if space in enter position.
                    {
                        board[row][col] = 'O';
                        turn++;
                        condition = false;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        cout<<"Invalid move!\n";
                        drawBoard();
                     }
                }
              }
            }
                else if(with==2)
                {
                computer();
                turn++;

                }





            if (checkWinner() == 1) //X wins
            {
                system("cls");
                system("Color 4D"); PlaySound("Sound Effect - Fan Fair 01.WAV", NULL, SND_ASYNC);
                cout<<"Congratulations! "; cout << player1; cout <<" won!\n\n"; with++;
                option2 = -1;
            }
            else if(checkWinner() == 0) //X wins
            {
                system("cls");
                system("Color 4D"); PlaySound("Sound Effect - Fan Fair 01.WAV", NULL, SND_ASYNC);
                cout<<"Congratulations! ";
                if(with==2)
                {
                    cout <<"computer ";
                }
                else
                cout<<player2;
                cout<< " won!\n\n";
                option2 = -1;
            }



            drawBoard();
        }

      }

    }while(option != 4);
      cout<<"\n\n\n\nEnter anything to quit.";
      cin>>test;

}

//print the board to the screen
void drawBoard()
{
     cout<<"\n";
     cout<<"\n-------------\n";
     for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
     {
         for(int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
         {
                 cout<<"|"<<board[i][j]<<"|  ";
         }
         cout<<"\n-------------\n";
     }Beep(1000,600);
}

//this method returns a 0 if there's no winner, 1 if X wins, 2 if O wins, 3 if tie
int checkWinner()
{
//check to see if X won


        if(board[0][0] == 'X' && board[0][1] == 'X' && board[0][2] == 'X')
          return 1;
        if(board[1][0] == 'X' && board[1][1] == 'X' && board[1][2] == 'X')
          return 1;
        if(board[2][0] == 'X' && board[2][1] == 'X' && board[2][2] == 'X')
          return 1;

        if(board[0][0] == 'X' && board[1][0] == 'X' && board[2][0] == 'X')
          return 1;
        if(board[0][1] == 'X' && board[1][1] == 'X' && board[2][1] == 'X')
          return 1;
        if(board[0][2] == 'X' && board[1][2] == 'X' && board[2][2] == 'X')
          return 1;

        if(board[0][0] == 'X' && board[1][1] == 'X' && board[2][2] == 'X')
          return 1;
        if(board[2][0] == 'X' && board[1][1] == 'X' && board[0][2] == 'X')
          return 1;
//check to see if O won
        if(board[0][0] == 'O' && board[0][1] == 'O' && board[0][2] == 'O')
          return 0;
        if(board[1][0] == 'O' && board[1][1] == 'O' && board[1][2] == 'O')
          return 0;
        if(board[2][0] == 'O' && board[2][1] == 'O' && board[2][2] == 'O')
          return 0;

        if(board[0][0] == 'O' && board[1][0] == 'O' && board[2][0] == 'O')
          return 0;
        if(board[0][1] == 'O' && board[1][1] == 'O' && board[2][1] == 'O')
          return 0;
        if(board[0][2] == 'O' && board[1][2] == 'O' && board[2][2] == 'O')
          return 0;

        if(board[0][0] == 'O' && board[1][1] == 'O' && board[2][2] == 'O')
          return 0;
        if(board[2][0] == 'O' && board[1][1] == 'O' && board[0][2] == 'O')
          return 0;


}
//computer. generate a random move and see if it's available. if it is, then make it
//if it isn't then generate another random move
void computer()
{
     col = -1;
     row = -1;
     while(col == -1 || row == -1)
     {

        srand( (unsigned)time(NULL) );
        col = rand()%3;
        row = rand()%3;
        if(board[row][col] != ' ')
        {
            col = -1;
            row = -1;
        }
        board[row][col] = 'O';
     }

}

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Sorting

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{

    int temp;
    int mango[5];
    for(int k=0; k<5;k++)
    {
    cin >> mango[k];
    }



    for(int j=0;j<5-i;j++)

      {
           if(mango[j]<mango[j+1])
           {
           temp = mango[j];
           mango[j]=mango[j+1];
           mango[j+1]=temp;

           }

     }



    for (int k=0;k<5;k++)
    {

    cout << mango[k] << "  ";
    }

   cin.get();
    return 0;
}

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recursive factorial

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;
int factorial(int);
int main()
{
    int number=5;
 int fact;
 fact = factorial(number);
 cout << fact;


    cin.get();
    return 0;
}

int factorial(int number)
{
    if(number<=1)
    {

        return 1;
    }

    else

    return number+factorial(number-1);
}

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recursive exponents

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int power (int, int);

int main ()

{
    int base, exp, result;

    //obtain integer from user
    cout<<"Enter the base value: ";
    cin >>base;
    cout<<"Enter the exponent value: ";
    cin>>exp;

    result = power(base, exp);

    cout<<"The result is: "<< result << endl;

    return 0;
}


// recursive definition
int power (int base, int exp)
{
    // base case
    if (exp==1)
        return base * 1;

    // recursive step
    else if (exp >-1)
        exp--;

        return base * (power(base,exp));


}

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Power

// Find the power of any number

// programmer: M.Ateek
// class:      BSCS
// symester:   1st
// Roll #      03


#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int number,power,count,i;

cout << "Enter Number: "; cin >> number;
cout << "Enter the power: "; cin >> power;

count = 1;
for (i=1; i <=power; i++)
count = count*number;

cout << count << endl;

cin.get();
return 0;
}

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passing array from function as parameter

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int modified_array1(int [], int);
int main()
{
    int array1[6];

cout << "enter number to sort out\n";

    for(int i=0; i<6; i++)
    {
        cin >> array1[i];
    }

    modified_array1(array1, 5);

   cout << "Sorted numbers are ";
    for(int j=0; j<5; j++)
    {
        cout << array1[j]<< " ";
    }

cin.get();
return 0;
}



int modified_array1(int array_of_function[], int size)
{

int temp;
   for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
    {
    for(int j=0;j<5-i;j++)

      {
           if(array_of_function[j]<array_of_function[j+1])
           {
           temp = array_of_function[j];
           array_of_function[j] = array_of_function[j+1];
           array_of_function[j+1]=temp;

           }

     }

    }

}

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Palindrom

// palidrom.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application.
//



#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{

 char strn[80];
int i,j,flag=0,len;
cout<<"Enter the string:";
cin.getline(strn,80);

len=strlen(strn);
cout << endl << len;
for(i=0,j=len-1;i<=(len/2);++i,--j)
{
    cout << i <<"=i" << endl << " " << j << "= j" << endl;

if(strn[i]==strn[j])
flag=1;
else if (strn[i]!=strn[j])
{
    flag=0;
break;
}

}

if(flag)
cout<<"Palindrome";

else cout<<"Not a palindrome";

getch();
}

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Menu for add subtract multiplication

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>

using namespace std;

int main()

{   int num1,num2;

    char option;


        cout << "enter your 1st number = ";
           cin >> num1;


        cout << "enter your 2nd number = ";
           cin >> num2;

cout << " What you want to do? \n";

cout << "a: ADD \n" << "b: SUB\n" << "c: MUL\n" << "d: DIV\n";
cout << "Type number of any option Example a,b,c,d\n";


cin >> option;


if ( option=='a')
{

    cout << "The addition is = ";
    cout << num1+num2;
}

else if (option == 'b')
{
    cout << "The subtraction is = " << num1-num2;


}

else if (option == 'c')
{
    cout << "The Multiplication is = " << num1*num2;
}


else if(option == 'd')
{
    cout << "The Division is = " << showpoint << num1/num2;
}

 else

{
    cout << "please type valid options\n";
}
cin.get();


   return 0;
}

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Grade Programming

//Program:    This program distribute your Grade with respect to marks.
//Programmer: Muhammad Ateek. Roll#03
//Date:       10/29/2011.

#include <iostream>
#include <limits>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    cout << "Enter your obtained marks \n";

// Declrations
    int marks;
    cin >> marks;
    cout << "your abtained marks are = ";
    cout << marks << endl;

//Statments
    if(marks<40)                           //If statments.
    {
        cout << "Sorry you have been fail";
    }

    else if (marks>=40,marks<=49)
    {
        cout << "you have been passes and your grade is C";

    }

    else if(marks>=50,marks<=59)
    {
        cout << "You have been passed and you grade is B";
    }

    else if(marks>=60,marks<=69)
    {
        cout << "You have been passed and your grade is B+";
    }

    else if(marks>=70,marks<=79)
    {
        cout << "you have been passed and your grade is A";
    }

    else if (marks>=80,marks<=100)
    {
        cout << "you have been passed and your grade is A+";
    }

else
{
    cout <<"ERROR\n";
    cout << "please enter your obtained marks out of 100";
}
    cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n');  // program screen stop.
    cin.get();
    return 0;                                             // Ending
}

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fibonacci series

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;
int fibonacci(int);
int main()
{

    for(int number=0; number<=10; number++)

    cout << fibonacci(number)<< " ";
    return 0;
}

int fibonacci(int number)
{

    if(number<=1)
    {


       return number;
    }

    else
    return fibonacci(number-1) + fibonacci(number-2);

}

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fabonaci series till 10

//fib series till  10.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{


    int a,b,c;
    a=0;
    b=1;
    int i;

    cout << a<< "\t" << b <<"\t" << a+b<< "\t";

            for(i=1; i<= 10;i++)
    {c=a+b;
        if(c<10)
        {cout << c << "\t";
        }
        a=b;
        b=c;
    }



    cin.get();
    return 0;
}

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fib series 1st 10

//fib series till  10.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{


    int a,b,c;
    a=0;
    b=1;
    int i;

    cout << a<< "\t" << b <<"\t" << a+b<< "\t";

            for(i=1; i<= 7;i++)
    {c=a+b;

        cout << c << "\t";

        a=b;
        b=c;
}



    cin.get();
    return 0;
}

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do while calculator manu

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

int main()
{char opt;
    int num1,num2;


    char option;
    do
    {





        cout << "enter your 1st number = ";
           cin >> num1;


        cout << "enter your 2nd number = ";
           cin >> num2;

cout << " What you want to do? \n";

cout << "a: ADD \n" << "b: SUB\n" << "c: MUL\n" << "d: DIV\n";
cout << "Type number of any option Example a,b,c,d\n";


cin >> option;


if ( option=='a')
{

    cout << "The addition is = ";
    cout << num1+num2;
}

else if (option == 'b')
{
    cout << "The subtraction is = " << num1-num2;


}

else if (option == 'c')
{
    cout << "The Multiplication is = " << num1*num2;
}


else if(option == 'd')
{
    cout << "The Division is = " << showpoint << num1/num2;
}

 else

{
    cout << "please type valid options\n";

}
cout << "\nif you want continou press 'Y' or 'N' for no ";
cin >> opt;
    }




    while(opt=='y'|| opt == 'Y');


    cin.get();


   return 0;

}

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Directory

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <windows.h>
#include<string>


COORD coord={0,0}; // function to set the cursor point
         void gotoxy(int x,int y)
       {
             coord.X=x;
             coord.Y=y;
             SetConsoleCursorPosition(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE),coord);
       }


using namespace std;



int main()
{  int check=0;
    int x=0;
    int y=0;
    string enter;
    string dir[6][5]={{"Country","Capital","Religion","Language","Land Area"},
                      {"pakistan","islamabad","islam","urdu","709,696 km"},
                        {"indea","newDelhi","hindu","hindi","3,287,590 sq km"},
                        {"afghanistan","kabul","islam","pashti","647,500 sq km"},
                        {"china","beijing","daoist","chinese","9,596,960 sq km"},
                        {"america","washington","protestant","english","9,631,420 sq km"}};
cout << "Type anyone thing to get information regarding any country\nNAME, Capital, Religion, language or country area\n";
cin >> enter;

for(int i=1; i<6; i++)
for(int j=0; j<5; j++)
{
  if(dir[i][j]==enter)
  { check=1;
      for(int i=0; i<5;i++)
        {

gotoxy(x,4);
                cout << dir[0][i]; if(x>0){gotoxy(x-5,4);cout <<"|";}
x=x+15;

                if(i==4)
                {
                    cout << endl;
                }

       }

    for(int k=0; k<5; k++)
    {

gotoxy(y,6);
        cout << dir[i][k] ; if(y>0){gotoxy(y-5,6);cout <<"|" << endl;}
        y=y+15;


   }

   }
}

if(check==0)
{cout << "Your search by keywords " <<enter << "is not registered.\nNOTE: All spells should be correct and in small Letters";
}




     cin.get();
     system("pause");

    return 0;
}

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diamond

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
int n = 7;
int m = 1;
int x = 6;


for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{

    cout << setw(x);
  x--;


    for (int j = 0; j < m; j++)

     cout << "*";
        cout << endl;

        m=m+2;
        }



        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{

    cout << setw(x);
  x++;


    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)

     cout << "*";
        cout << endl;

        n=n-2;
        }


cin.get();
return 0;
}

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check of prime

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    int num;
    bool prime;
    cin >> num;

    for (int i=2;i <=num-1;i++)
    {
      num%i;
      if(num%i==0)
      {
          cout << "not prime";

      break;
      }
      else if(num%i==1)
      {
          cout << "prime";
          break;
      }




     }








cin.get();
    return 0;
}

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celcius function

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()

{
    cout << "C to F\n";
    for (int celcius=0; celcius<=100; celcius++)
    {
        cout << celcius << "=  "<<  (celcius * 1.8) + 32 << endl;
    }

    char option;
    float degrees;

    cout << "Press 1 or 2 to convert From :" << endl;

    cout << "[1] Celsius to Fahrenheit" << endl;

    cout << "[2] Fahrenheit to Celsius" << endl;



    cin >> option;



    if (option == '1')

    {

        cout << "Please enter the number of Celsius Degrees:" << endl;

        cin >> degrees;

        float fahren = (degrees * 1.8) + 32;

        cout << degrees << " degrees Celsius is " << fahren << " degrees Fahrenheit" << endl;

    }

    else

    {

        cout << "Fahrenheit to Celsius" << endl;

        cin >> degrees;

        float celsius = (degrees - 32) / 1.8;

        cout << degrees << "degrees Fahrenheit is " << celsius << "degrees Celsius" << endl;

    }



    return 1;

}

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Array Sum

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    int sum=0;


    int j;
    cout << "How many numbers you want to add";
cin >> j;
    int x[j];


    for(int i=0; i<=j;i++)
    {

cin >> x[i];
sum=sum+x[i];


    }
cout << "The sum is = "<< sum;

  cin.get();
   return 0;
}

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array highest number

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
   int y;
cout << "how many values";
   cin >> y;
   int x[y];
   for(int i=0; i<y;i++)
   {
       cin >> x[i];

       if(x[0]<x[i])
       {
           x[0]=x[i];
       }
   }cout << x[0];



    return 0;
}

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1 create table gotoxy

// Program create on visual studio consol application.
// Assignment: create table by using "For Loop" and gotoxy funtion.
// university: Govt. College university.
// Department of computer science.
// submitted by: Muhammad Ateek.
// Roll number: 03-bscs-2011
// sysmester:  1st
// submitted to: Atifa Athar.


#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include<windows.h>
COORD coord={0,0}; // function to set the cursor point
         void gotoxy(int x,int y)
       {
             coord.X=x;
             coord.Y=y;
             SetConsoleCursorPosition(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE),coord);
       }




using namespace std;
int main ()
{
   

cout << "create table by using For Loop and gotoxy funtion \n";
cout << "Govt. College University Lahore\n";
cout << "Roll# 03-bscs(Hon)\nMuhammad Ateek";

int a,b,x,y;  // variables
x=0;
y=0;



for(a=1;a<=5;a++)  //For Lop.
    {
        y=y+5;
    x=0;
gotoxy(x,y);   // gotoxy function.

    for(b=1;b<=5;b++)  //2nd For loop
        {

         x=x+5;

        gotoxy(x,y);  // goto function to show spaces between numbers of table.
        cout<<a*b;
        }
    }

cin.get(); // stop the screen to display.
return 0;
}

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program 3-2(77) Demonstrate of compound assignment

// this program demonstrate the use of compound assignments.
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>


using namespace std;

int main()

{
    cout << "this program demonstrate the use of compound assignments.\n enter your two numbers\n";
   int x;
   int y;

   cin >> x;
   cin >> y;

  cout << "x = " << x;
  cout << "  : y = " << y << "\t |" << "x *= y \t | " << " = "<< (x*=y);





    cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n');
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}

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program 2-13(69) prob 12 print the asterisks shpwn below

#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <iomanip>

using namespace std;

int main()

{
    for(int i=0; i<10; i++)
    {
     cout << "*";
    }



    cout << setw(15) << "* \n";
    cout << setw(15) << "** \n";
    cout << setw(15) << "*** \n";
    cout << setw(15) << "***** \n";

    cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n');
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}

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program 2-13(69) 15

#include <iostream>
#include <limits>


using namespace std;

int main()

{
    int a;
    a = 1;
    int b;
    b= 10;
    int c;
    c= 100;
    int d;
    d= 1000;


    cout << a;
    cout << " ";
    cout <<  b ;
    cout << c ;
    cout << d ;

    cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n');
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}

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program 2-13 69 print the patren

#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <iomanip>

using namespace std;

int main()

{


    cout << setw(15) << "***** \n";
    cout << setw(15) << "***** \n";
    cout << setw(15) << "***** \n";
    cout << setw(15) << "***** \n";

    cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n');
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}

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program 2-11(58) Print the value of selected characters

// this program give the value of the characters
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    cout << "this program give the ascii value of characters like \n";
    char a = 'a';
    char b = 'b';
    char z = 'z';
    char nl = '\n';
    char xxx;
    cout << "a = " << (int)a << "\n";

    cout << "b = " << (int)b << "\n";

    cout << "z = " << (int)z << "\n";

    cout << "nl = " << (int)nl << "\n";

    cout << "if you want to check value of your desired number than write your number \n";
    cin >> xxx;
    cout << "ascii value of "<< xxx << "  is = "<<(int)xxx;

    cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n');
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}

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program 2-10(57) calculate the circle area and circumference

#include <iostream>
#include <limits>

using namespace std;

int main()

{
    float red;


    cout << "to calculate the circumference and area of the circle enter redius";
    cin >> red;
    cout << "circumference of the circle is = ";
    cout << red*2*3.1416 << "\n";
    cout << "area of the circle is = ";
    cout << 3.1416*red*red;




    cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n');
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}

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program 2-8(54) Demonstrate fixed-point manipulator

// this program demonstrate the fixed-point manipulator.
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    // variables.
    float x = 1;
    float y = 1.2345;
    float z = 1234.89;

    // process

   cout << x << "\t | with no manipulators" << "\n" << y << "\n" << z << "\n" << "\n";

   cout << fixed;
   cout << x << "\t | with manipulator fixed" << "\n" << y << "\n" << z << "\n" << "\n";

   cout << setprecision(2);
   cout << x << "\t | with manipulator setprecision(2)" << "\n" << y << "\n" << z << "\n" << "\n";

   cout << showpoint;
   cout << x << "\t | with manipulator showpoint" << "\n" << y << "\n" << z << "\n" << "\n";




    cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n');
    return 0;
}

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program 2-7(52) Demonstrate numeric manipulator

// this program demonstrate the numeric use of manipulates..
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <limits>
using namespace std;

int main()

{
    int x;
    cout << "enter your number \n";
    cin >> x;

cout << "value in decimal \t |" << dec << x << "\n";

cout << "value in octale \t |" << oct << x << "\n";

cout << "value in hexadecimal \t |" << hex << x << "\n";



    cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(),'\n');
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}

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program 2-6(51) Demonstrate fill by character

// Demonstrate fill character program.
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <iomanip>


using namespace std;

int main()
{
    // variables
    int num1 = 12345;
    int num2 = 54321;

    // process

    cout << setw(10)  << setfill('*') << num1 << "\t | setw 10 and it is fill with * \n";

    cout << setw(10) << num2 << "\t | setw 10 and it fill with just spaces \n";




   cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(),'\n');
   cin.get();
    return 0;
}

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program 2-5(51) Demonstrate set width manipulatore

// Demonstrate the use of set width manipulator.
#include <iostream>

#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    cout << "results \n";

    //variables
    int num1 = 321;
    int num2 = 231;

// setw examples
    cout << num1 << num2  << "\t | no setw \n";

    cout << setw(1) << num1 << setw(1)<< num2 << "\t | 1 setw \n";

    cout << setw(5) << num1 << setw(5) << num2 << "\t | 5 setw \n";

    cout << setw(10) << "hallo" << "\t | string setw 10 \n";

    cout << setw(3) << "hallo" << "\t | string setw 3 \n";

    cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n');
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}

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program 2-2(40) print the sum of three input numbers

// This program calculate and print the sum of three digits.

#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    // input variables.
    int num1;
    int num2;
    int num3;

    // inputs
    cout << "enter your first digit = ";
    cin >> num1;

    cout << "enter your second digit = ";
    cin >> num2;

    cout << "enter your third digit = ";
    cin >> num3;

    // process
    cout << "your sum is = ";
    cout << num1+num2+num3;

    // ending
    cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n');
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}

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The greeting program

#include <iostream>
#include <limits>

int main()
{


using namespace std;

cout << "when i was child i was so much clever";


cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n');
cin.get();
return 0;
}

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program 1-3(9) the multiplication program

// this program read two numbers from the keyboard and print thier product.
#include <iostream>
#include<cmath>
#include <limits>
using namespace std;

int main()
{


   int num1;        // variable
   int num2;

   cout << "enter your 1st number ";
   cin >> num1;   // input

   cout << "enter your 2nd number ";
   cin >> num2;   // input


   cout << "The mulitiple of two numbers = " << num1*num2;// product of two numbers.
   cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n');
   cin.get();
    return 0;
}

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Verbs and Interjection

Contect us for this presentation..we will send you softcopy

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Operating systems

Operating Systems

Submitted by:

Group # 08

·         Muhammad Ateek               Roll # 03-bscs-2011

·         Ammar Tahir                        Roll # 82-bscs-11

·         Ali Abbas                             Roll # 118-bscs-11

Semester: 1^st

Section: C

BS (computer science)

Submitted to:

sir Ali Raza

Government College University, Lahore

Operating system

“It is a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and provide common services for application software.”

There are lot of operating systems are developed, UNIX operating system is one of them.

UNIX operating system:

“Unix is a multitasking, multi-user computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees in Bell Labs. The UNIX operating system was made in assembly language, but by 1973 it completely made in C language,”

  UNIX Philosophy:

In a large number of Software tools and small programs that can be looped with each other through a command line interpreter using pipes, as opposed to using only a monolithic program that have all of the same functionality. These type of concepts are mutually known as the “Unix philosophy”

"The idea that the power of a system comes more from the relationships among programs than from the programs themselves"[1]

  Some important interface of UNIX operating system and how they work:

·       Multi-user:

A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer system simultaneously. Multi-user systems are Time-sharing system. They enable a multiple user access to a computer by sharing of time.

·       Multi-tasking:

In multiple tasking operating systems, OS execute multiple programs at a time.

When this happened operating systems classified in Multi-tasking OS.

·       Time-sharing:

Time-sharing OS plan tasks for efficient use of the system and might also contain accounting for cost allocation of processing time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.

·       Kernel:

The kernel provides services to start and break instructions, handles the file system and other normal low level tasks that most programs share, It has special rights, mirrored in the division between user-space and kernel-space

·       Microkernel:

The micro kernel concept rises to remove the idea of larger kernel and return to a system in which most tasks were completed by smaller utilities.

·       User Interface:

User interface is a component that interacts with the computer user and allowing them to control and use instructions. The user interface can be graphical with icons pictures, desktop, or textual, with a command line.

·       Application programming interfaces:

It provide to us services and code libraries that let applications developers write modular code reusing well defined programming sequences in user space libraries or in the operating system itself.

  Some important points of UNIX OS:

·         The influence of Unix in academic circles led to large-scale, between 1970 to 1980

·         The adoption of UNIX operation system was at commercial level.

·         UNIX environment was important elements in the development of the Internet and the reshaping of computing as centered in networks rather than in individual computers.

·         Unix operating systems are widely used in workstations, servers, and also in mobile devices

·         UNIX mean was to be a programmer's workbench more than to be used to run application software.

·         AT&T developed the unix and C language and distributed to government and academic institutions

·         Unix was designed to be portable, multi-user and multi-tasking in a time-sharing configuration

More information by arrows structure

           1969 for       USA-Army

                                                                

   Unix

                                                                         AT&T       unix developer.

                                                                        1986

                                                                        Solaris     Unix based OS

                                                    Intel                   Spare   Hardware

 TRUE-64-Unix

 For Alpha hardware made by DEC.

 DEC=Digital electronics corporation.

 Purchased by Compac                    Purchased by HP    

Used in HP-UX oprating system

True-64-Unix killed by HP in 2005.

                     AT&T                 (Unix developer)

Made KERNAL Genunic.

Unix use Kernal and source of AT&T.

Linux

It is powerful, non-proprietary, standards-based OS it is currently the fastest growing computer operating system on the earth. Linux offers, performance speed, stability, and reliability.

Its install base is conservatively estimated at over 10,000,000. It is growing at a rate of nearly 3% per week. Actually Linux market share was 212 percent in 1998, and it is the unique operating system that is currently going on positive growth. Although Linux was originally designed to operate only on Intel-based PCs. Linux also used in a growing number of supercomputing environments.

Avalon:  it is a supercomputer made at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. It operates under the Linux OS and it is under the list of 500 supercomputers of the world.

NASA:  uses parallel Linux clusters as part of their Beowulf supercomputer.

Linux OS devices are growing very rapidly!

NOTE: Linux is the best operating system for the Programmers.

  Linux Features

• Multitasking: several programs running at the same time.
• Multiuser: several users on the same machine at the same time (and no two-user licenses!).
• Multiplatform: runs on many different CPUs, not only Intel.
• Multiprocessor: SMP support is available on the Intel and SPARC platforms (with work currently in progress on other platforms). Linux is used in several loosely-coupled MP applications, including Fujitsu systems and Beowulf the AP1000+ SPARC-based supercomputer.
• Multithreading: has native kernel support for multiple independent threads of control within a single process memory space.
• Runs in protected mode on the 386.
• Has memory protection between processes, so that any one program can't bring the whole system shut down.
• Demand loads executable: Linux only reads from disk those parts of a program that are actually used.
• Shared copy-on-write pages among executable. This means that multiple processes can use the same memory to run in. When any one tries to write to that memory, that page (4KB piece of memory) is copied from somewhere else. Copy-on-write has two benefits: increasing speed and decreasing memory use.
• Virtual memory using paging (not swapping whole processes) to disk: to a separate partition or a file in the file system, with the chance of adding more swapping areas during runtime (yes, they're still called swapping areas). A total of 16 of these 128 MB (2GB in recent kernels) swapping areas can be used at the same time, for a imaginary total of 2 GB of useable exchange space. It is simple to increase this if necessary, it is done by  changing a few lines of  code.
• a unified memory pool for user programs and disk cache, so that all free memory can be used for caching, and the cache can be reduced when running large programs.
• Dynamically linked shared libraries (DLL’s) and static libraries too, of course.
• Does core dumps for post-mortem analysis, allowing the use of a debugger on a program not only while it is running but also after it has crashed.
• Mostly compatible with POSIX, System V, and BSD at the source level.
• Through an iBCS2-compliant emulation module, mostly compatible with SCO, SVR3, and SVR4 at the binary level.
• All source code is available, including the whole kernel and all drivers, the development tools and all user programs; also, all of it is freely divide. Many commercial programs are being provided for Linux without source, but everything that has been free, including the full base OS, is still free.
• POSIX job control.
• Pseudo terminals (pity’s).
• 387-emulation in the kernel so that programs don't need to do their own math emulation. Every computer running Linux appears to have a math coprocessor. Of course, if your computer already contains an FPU, it will be used instead of the emulation, and we can even compile our own kernel with math emulation removed, for a small memory gain.
• Support for many national or customized keyboards, and it is very easy to add new ones dynamically.
• Multiple virtual consoles: several independent login sessions through the console, we can switch by pressing a hot-key combination. These are dynamically allocated you can use up to 64.
• Supports several common file systems, including minix, Xenix, and all the common system V file systems, and has an advanced file system of its own, which offers file systems of up to 4 TB, and names up to 255 characters long.
• Transparent access to MS-DOS partitions (or OS/2 FAT partitions) via a special file system: you don't need any special commands to use the MS-DOS partition; it looks just like a normal Unix file system (except for funny restrictions on filenames, permissions, and so on). MS-DOS 6 compressed partitions do not work at this time without a patch (dmsdosfs). VFAT (WNT, Windows 95) support and FAT-32 is available in Linux 2.0
• Special file system called UMSDOS which allows Linux to be installed on a DOS file system.
• read-only HPFS-2 support for OS/2 2.1
• HFS (Macintosh) file system support is available separately as a module.
• CD-ROM files system which reads all standard formats of CD-ROMs.
• TCP/IP networking, including ftp, telnet, NFS, etc.
• AppleTalk server
• Netware client and server
• Lan Manager/Windows Native (SMB) client and server
• Many networking protocols: the base protocols available in the latest development kernels include TCP, IPv4, IPv6, AX.25, X.25, IPX, DDP (AppleTalk), Netrom, and others. Stable network protocols included in the stable kernels currently include TCP, IPv4, IPX, DDP, and AX.25. [2]

Windows operating systems

Windows operating systems are derived from a series of graphical interfaces designed to work with or “on top of” Microsoft’s MS-DOS OS. By passing the time Windows changed into complex operating systems which are independent of MS-DOS.

  Description

Windows operating systems made by Microsoft Co. Same as to other OS, Windows makes a computer very user-friendly with the help of graphical display and organizing information so that it can be easily used. Windows OS use tools, icons that simplify the more complex programs performed by computers systems.

90% of personal computers users used the Windows OS. In 1995 Microsoft Corporation introduced OS in the market. Microsoft Corporation has 82.5% of the market share of the client operating systems.

  History of windows operating systems

Microsoft starts with MSDOS 1.0 in 1981 to develop operating systems for computers systems. Before one years Microsoft has worked in cooperation on the UNIX derivative OS XENIX OS for different computer platforms. This OS field was shifted to SCO in 1984.

  Chase Bishop

In September 1981 Chase Bishop “computer scientist”, made the 1^st model of the project "Interface Manager". and electronic device and It was announced in November 1983 before the Macintosh with the name "Windows".

  MSDOS windows operating systems

·       Windows 1.0 was introduced in 1985.

·       Windows 2.0 was introduced in the market in 1987

 With the more effective user interference as compare to windows 1.0 OS. In this OS Microsoft also introduced many keyboards shortcuts. Windows 2.0 allowed application windows to overlap with each other.

·         Windows 2.1: it was released in two different versions: Windows/386 employed the 386 virtual 8086 mode to multitask several DOS programs,

·         Windows 95 was released in August 1995, having a new user interface, support for long file names of up to 255 characters, and the ability of plug and play.

·         Microsoft's release Windows 98 in June 1998

·         In February 2000, Windows 2000 (in the NT family) was released.

·         Windows 8, the successor to Windows 7.Currently in progress.

Windows family tree [3]

      Some more information about Windows operating systems

·       Price

Microsoft Windows range is  $50.00 - $150.00 US dollars per each license copy.

·       Ease

Microsoft has made a number of progresses and changes that have made it a much easier to use operating system, and although arguably it may not be the easiest operating system, it is still Easier than Linux.

·       Reliability

No doubt that Windows OS achieve great improvements in reliability but when we see in last few versions we can say that it could not become more reliable than LINUX.

·       Software

The large amount of Window OS software’s, games, utilities and other programs are available.

·       Software Cost

Although Windows does have software programs, utilities, and games for free, the mostly of the programs will cost anywhere between $20.00 - $200.00+ US dollars per copy.

·       Hardware

Because windows OS has large number of users that’s why approximately all hardware companies made hardware’s, Windows OS systems supported.

·       Security

Although Microsoft Corporation has made great developments in Windows OS over the years with security on their operating system, but their OS continuous at risk of Virus and security threads.

·       Open Source

Microsoft Windows are not freely available so we can say that Windows operating systems are not open source.

Features of Windows operating systems

Display features:

These features are to increase the visibility of items on the screen.

• Icon size: we can make icons bigger for visibility, or smaller for increased screen space.
• Screen resolution: we can change pixel count to expand objects on screen.
• Cursor width and blink rate: we can make the cursor easier to locate, or eliminate the distraction of its blinking.
• Microsoft Magnifier: we can enlarge any portion of screen for more better visibility.

 

 

Sounds and Speech:

These features make windows operating systems more powerful.

• Sound Systems: Associate computer sounds with specific system events.
• Show Sounds: It display captions for speech and sounds.
• Notice: We can get sound or visual cues when accessibility features are turned on or off.
• Text-to-Speech: We can hear any windows command options and text read aloud.

Keyboard Options:

• ToggleKeys: we can hear pressing sound whenever we press any key.
• MouseKeys: We can move the mouse pointer by using the numerical keypad.
• Extra Keyboard Help: We get ToolTips or other keyboard help in programs that provide this program.

Mac operating system

Mac OS is a chain of graphical user interface-based operating systems made by Apple Corporation for their Macintosh line of computers .The Macintosh users already familiar with GUI. It was unnamed when first Mac OS presented in 1984 with the original Macintosh. It was known as simple operating system or OS.
First version of Mac OS was made only for 68K first Motorola processors. First version was “system 1” and given with MAC 1984

  Features of Mac OS

·         Mac does not have command line user interface.

·         Mac OS has GUI.

  Simple OS to Mac OS

·         Mac System 3, used files system HFS and it is used officially.

·         Mac system 5.0 made to run several programs instructions by the help of integrated multi finder at the same time.

·         Operating system made up to system 6.0 with 24 bit-addressing mood, programmed on assembler and Pascal language.

·         System 7.0 first supported 32-bit addressing.

·         System software name 7.6 changed into Mac OS in 1997.

  Mac OS X.

·         Mac OS X firstly introduced X86  hardware in 2006 when Apple allows using Mac OS x only in Intel-Macintosh systems.

  Features of Mac OS x.

·         Mac OS X is a good Desktop OS.

·         Different technologies like NEXTSTEP, Mach Kernel, FreeBSD and NETBSD create power in Mac operating system X or OS X.

·         In March 2001 Mac OS 10 was introduced to install are 128 MB and 1.5 GB hard disk space. Mac OS X 10.5 wants at least 512 MB RAM and 9 GByte of disk space.

      Field of Application On Mac OS X
digital photography.
2-D and 3-D animations.
Video processing, streaming.
Audio processing.
Platform for DTP, web design.

      Structure Information
supports QuickTime/VR.
Monolithic Kernel.
Read/Write FAT, FAT32, ISO9660, UDF.
Well proven TCP/IP Stack.
Graphical user interaction with the finder.
Graphical representation by Quick draw.
Central password administration (Keychain).

  Why we use Mac Server.

·         If we use Mac client in our network it gives major advantages. It provides an very easy establishment of features comparable to Win group policies for Mac clients, it is very easy then to do the same for Win clients on a W Servers.

·         It also has full support for all the small Mac client specifics like finder attributes, resource forks and stuff like that which all have the potential to become a real PITA if you use a Win or Linux server instead. Telling to the users that you don't support these may be possible, but it also might break or end some applications programs.

·         Administrator is very easy than Linux and windows, at least for smallish groups. Scaling out is another feature, but this requires thorough knowledge on any OS platform. At least with simple requirements, a pro adman is very realistic for Mac OS. If we plan to run a Win clients only or mixed Win/Mac environment with a Linux server and Samba in a 10 to 20 user environment without a pro admin, we should use Mac OS Server in many cases, as it shields all those implicit complexities behind a really easy to use GUI.

·         It is more expensive than Windows clients for the initial purchase, Macs have a much lower TCO in many environments.[4]

                     WHY we use different Operating systems.

  Linux

It is a UNIX like operating system, it is developed by the programmers to solve the problems and to made software’s. This OS is free but it also has mammon and importance. Mostly operating systems controlled by a single company but Linux has an ordinary reliable core (called the "kernel") around which many varieties (known as "distributions"). It has been made by various companies and establishments. Some are aimed at geeks, some focus on the needs of business users, and some are designed for typical home users.

  UNIX

·         UNIX has a simple input output model.

·         UNIX has good programming facilities.

·         UNIX has a "building block" approach to programming.

·         UNIX has many text programs.

·         UNIX networking is easy to use and maintain.

UNIX developers

·         Don't need to write graphical user interfaces.

·         Can "borrow" source code from other peoples

  Key features

Multitasking

·         Can run multiple programs "instantaneously".

Multiuser

·         Multiple users can log in at the same time.

Network-ready

·         Built with the network in mind. Supports remote users as easily as local ones

·         It gives Open and standard environment.

·         It also used hardware’s more perfectly.

·         UNIX is highly configurable.

·         UNIX has very flexible command line interface.

·         There is large number of freely available programs of UNIX.

·         Multiple users share common environment.

  The Mac OS

 Mac OS has great user interface its continuously trying to overhead Microsoft windows OS. There are lot of programs are available for MAC OS, and it's moving beyond its traditional niches of education, graphic design, and for home use, into general business use. In OS X (ten), developers used UNIX technology which made it more powerful. But the real star is OS X's graphical interface, which shows the difference between Microsoft's in this area and Apple's original design work no doubt it is very easy to use. The main "negative" to Mac OS is that you need to buy an Apple computer to use it.

  Windows operating systems

We use windows operating systems because it has well graphical user interface. And everything is easy to use and understand in windows OS. Mostly new video games run on windows OS.

No any command text is needed to run any program on Windows OS. Lot of applications are available which are made only for windows OS.

References

[1]: Kernighan and Summariz, P : The Unix Programming Environment.

[2]: http://tldp.org/HOWTO/INFO-SHEET-2.html

[3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows#Early_versions

[4]: http://serverfault.com/questions/49639/who-uses-mac-os-x-server-and-why

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