07:50
ATEEK
Operating Systems
Submitted by:
Group # 08
·
Muhammad Ateek Roll # 03-bscs-2011
·
Ammar Tahir Roll # 82-bscs-11
·
Ali Abbas Roll # 118-bscs-11
Semester: 1st
Section: C
BS (computer science)
Submitted to:
sir Ali Raza
Government College University, Lahore
Operating system
“It
is a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and provide common
services for application software.”
There are lot of operating systems are developed, UNIX
operating system is one of them.
UNIX operating system:
“Unix
is a multitasking, multi-user computer operating system originally developed in
1969 by a group of AT&T employees in Bell Labs. The UNIX operating system
was made in assembly language, but by 1973 it completely made in C language,”
UNIX
Philosophy:
In
a large number of Software tools and small programs that can be looped with each
other through a command line interpreter using pipes, as opposed to using only
a monolithic program that have all of the same functionality. These type of concepts
are mutually known as the “Unix philosophy”
"The idea that the
power of a system comes more from the relationships among programs than from
the programs themselves"[1]
Some
important interface of UNIX operating system and how they work:
· Multi-user:
A
multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer system simultaneously.
Multi-user systems are Time-sharing system. They enable a multiple user access
to a computer by sharing of time.
· Multi-tasking:
In multiple tasking operating systems, OS
execute multiple programs at a time.
When this happened operating systems
classified in Multi-tasking OS.
· Time-sharing:
Time-sharing
OS plan tasks for efficient use of the system and might also contain accounting
for cost allocation of processing time, mass storage, printing, and other
resources.
· Kernel:
The
kernel provides services to start and break instructions, handles the file
system and other normal low level tasks that most programs share, It has
special rights, mirrored in the division between user-space and kernel-space
· Microkernel:
The
micro kernel concept rises to remove the idea of larger kernel and return to a
system in which most tasks were completed by smaller utilities.
· User
Interface:
User
interface is a component that interacts with the computer user and allowing them
to control and use instructions. The user interface can be graphical with icons
pictures, desktop, or textual, with a command line.
· Application
programming interfaces:
It
provide to us services and code libraries that let applications developers
write modular code reusing well defined programming sequences in user space
libraries or in the operating system itself.
Some
important points of UNIX OS:
·
The
influence of Unix in academic circles led to large-scale, between 1970 to 1980
·
The
adoption of UNIX operation system was at commercial level.
·
UNIX
environment was important elements in the development of the Internet and the
reshaping of computing as centered in networks rather than in individual
computers.
·
Unix
operating systems are widely used in workstations, servers, and also in mobile
devices
·
UNIX
mean was to be a programmer's workbench more than to be used to run application
software.
·
AT&T
developed the unix and C language and distributed to government and academic
institutions
·
Unix
was designed to be portable, multi-user and multi-tasking in a time-sharing configuration
More
information by arrows structure
1969 for USA-Army
Unix
AT&T
unix developer.
1986
Solaris Unix
based OS
Intel Spare
Hardware
TRUE-64-Unix
For Alpha hardware made by DEC.
DEC=Digital electronics corporation.
Purchased by Compac Purchased by HP
Used in HP-UX oprating system
True-64-Unix
killed by HP in 2005.
AT&T (Unix developer)
Made
KERNAL Genunic.
Unix use Kernal and source of AT&T.
Linux
It is powerful, non-proprietary, standards-based
OS it is currently the fastest growing computer operating system on the earth.
Linux offers, performance speed, stability, and reliability.
Its install base is conservatively estimated
at over 10,000,000. It is growing at a rate of nearly 3% per week. Actually
Linux market share was 212 percent in 1998,
and it is the unique operating system that is currently going on positive
growth. Although Linux was originally designed to operate only on Intel-based
PCs. Linux also used in a growing number of supercomputing environments.
Avalon: it is a supercomputer made at the Los Alamos
National Laboratory. It operates under the Linux OS and it is under the list of
500 supercomputers of the world.
Linux OS devices are
growing very rapidly!
NOTE: Linux is the best operating system
for the Programmers.
Linux
Features
- Multitasking: several programs running at the same time.
- Multiuser: several users on the same machine at the same time (and no two-user licenses!).
- Multiplatform: runs on many different CPUs, not only Intel.
- Multiprocessor: SMP support is available on the Intel and SPARC platforms (with work currently in progress on other platforms). Linux is used in several loosely-coupled MP applications, including Fujitsu systems and Beowulf the AP1000+ SPARC-based supercomputer.
- Multithreading: has native kernel support for multiple independent threads of control within a single process memory space.
- Runs in protected mode on the 386.
- Has memory protection between processes, so that any one program can't bring the whole system shut down.
- Demand loads executable: Linux only reads from disk those parts of a program that are actually used.
- Shared copy-on-write pages among executable. This means that multiple processes can use the same memory to run in. When any one tries to write to that memory, that page (4KB piece of memory) is copied from somewhere else. Copy-on-write has two benefits: increasing speed and decreasing memory use.
- Virtual memory using paging (not swapping whole processes) to disk: to a separate partition or a file in the file system, with the chance of adding more swapping areas during runtime (yes, they're still called swapping areas). A total of 16 of these 128 MB (2GB in recent kernels) swapping areas can be used at the same time, for a imaginary total of 2 GB of useable exchange space. It is simple to increase this if necessary, it is done by changing a few lines of code.
- a unified memory pool for user programs and disk cache, so that all free memory can be used for caching, and the cache can be reduced when running large programs.
- Dynamically linked shared libraries (DLL’s) and static libraries too, of course.
- Does core dumps for post-mortem analysis, allowing the use of a debugger on a program not only while it is running but also after it has crashed.
- Mostly compatible with POSIX, System V, and BSD at the source level.
- Through an iBCS2-compliant emulation module, mostly compatible with SCO, SVR3, and SVR4 at the binary level.
- All source code is available, including the whole kernel and all drivers, the development tools and all user programs; also, all of it is freely divide. Many commercial programs are being provided for Linux without source, but everything that has been free, including the full base OS, is still free.
- POSIX job control.
- Pseudo terminals (pity’s).
- 387-emulation in the kernel so that programs don't need to do their own math emulation. Every computer running Linux appears to have a math coprocessor. Of course, if your computer already contains an FPU, it will be used instead of the emulation, and we can even compile our own kernel with math emulation removed, for a small memory gain.
- Support for many national or customized keyboards, and it is very easy to add new ones dynamically.
- Multiple virtual consoles: several independent login sessions through the console, we can switch by pressing a hot-key combination. These are dynamically allocated you can use up to 64.
- Supports several common file systems, including minix, Xenix, and all the common system V file systems, and has an advanced file system of its own, which offers file systems of up to 4 TB, and names up to 255 characters long.
- Transparent access to MS-DOS partitions (or OS/2 FAT partitions) via a special file system: you don't need any special commands to use the MS-DOS partition; it looks just like a normal Unix file system (except for funny restrictions on filenames, permissions, and so on). MS-DOS 6 compressed partitions do not work at this time without a patch (dmsdosfs). VFAT (WNT, Windows 95) support and FAT-32 is available in Linux 2.0
- Special file system called UMSDOS which allows Linux to be installed on a DOS file system.
- read-only HPFS-2 support for OS/2 2.1
- HFS (Macintosh) file system support is available separately as a module.
- CD-ROM files system which reads all standard formats of CD-ROMs.
- TCP/IP networking, including ftp, telnet, NFS, etc.
- AppleTalk server
- Netware client and server
- Lan Manager/Windows Native (SMB) client and server
- Many networking protocols: the base protocols available in the latest development kernels include TCP, IPv4, IPv6, AX.25, X.25, IPX, DDP (AppleTalk), Netrom, and others. Stable network protocols included in the stable kernels currently include TCP, IPv4, IPX, DDP, and AX.25. [2]
Windows operating
systems
Windows operating systems are derived from a series of
graphical interfaces designed to work with or “on top of” Microsoft’s MS-DOS OS.
By passing the time Windows changed into complex operating systems which are independent
of MS-DOS.
Description
Windows operating systems made by Microsoft Co. Same as to other OS, Windows makes a computer very user-friendly with the help of graphical display and organizing information so that it can be easily used. Windows OS use tools, icons that simplify the more complex programs performed by computers systems.
90% of personal computers users used the Windows OS. In 1995 Microsoft Corporation
introduced OS in the market. Microsoft Corporation has 82.5% of the market
share of the client operating systems.
History of
windows operating systems
Microsoft starts with MSDOS 1.0 in 1981 to develop operating
systems for computers systems. Before one years Microsoft has worked in
cooperation on the UNIX derivative OS XENIX OS for different computer
platforms. This OS field was shifted to SCO in 1984.
Chase
Bishop
In September 1981 Chase
Bishop “computer scientist”, made the 1st model of the project
"Interface Manager". and electronic device and It was announced in
November 1983 before the Macintosh
with the name "Windows".
MSDOS
windows operating systems
·
Windows 1.0 was introduced
in 1985.
·
Windows 2.0 was
introduced in the market in 1987
With
the more effective user interference as compare to windows 1.0 OS. In this OS
Microsoft also introduced many keyboards shortcuts. Windows 2.0 allowed
application windows to overlap with each other.
·
Windows 2.1: it was
released in two different versions: Windows/386 employed the 386 virtual
8086 mode to multitask several
DOS programs,
·
Windows 95 was released in August 1995, having a new user interface,
support for long file names of up to 255 characters, and the ability of plug and
play.
Windows family tree [3]
Some more information about Windows
operating systems
· Price
Microsoft Windows range is $50.00 - $150.00 US dollars per each license
copy.
·
Ease
Microsoft has made a number of progresses and changes that have made it
a much easier to use operating system, and although arguably it may not be the
easiest operating system, it is still Easier than Linux.
·
Reliability
No doubt that Windows OS achieve
great improvements in reliability but when we see in last few versions we can
say that it could not become more reliable than LINUX.
·
Software
The large amount of Window OS software’s, games, utilities and other
programs are available.
· Software
Cost
Although Windows does have software
programs, utilities, and games for free, the mostly of the programs will cost
anywhere between $20.00 - $200.00+ US dollars per copy.
·
Hardware
Because windows OS has large number
of users that’s why approximately all hardware companies made hardware’s, Windows
OS systems supported.
·
Security
Although Microsoft Corporation has made great developments in Windows OS
over the years with security on their operating system, but their OS continuous
at risk of Virus and security threads.
· Open
Source
Microsoft Windows are not freely available so we can say that Windows
operating systems are not open source.
Features of Windows operating systems
Display features:
These
features are to increase the visibility of items on the screen.
- Icon size: we can make icons bigger for visibility, or smaller for increased screen space.
- Screen resolution: we can change pixel count to expand objects on screen.
- Cursor width and blink rate: we can make the cursor easier to locate, or eliminate the distraction of its blinking.
- Microsoft Magnifier: we can enlarge any portion of screen for more better visibility.
Sounds and Speech:
These features make windows operating systems more powerful.
- Sound Systems: Associate computer sounds with specific system events.
- Show Sounds: It display captions for speech and sounds.
- Notice: We can get sound or visual cues when accessibility features are turned on or off.
- Text-to-Speech: We can hear any windows command options and text read aloud.
Keyboard Options:
- ToggleKeys: we can hear pressing sound whenever we press any key.
- MouseKeys: We can move the mouse pointer by using the numerical keypad.
- Extra Keyboard Help: We get ToolTips or other keyboard help in programs that provide this program.
Mac operating system
Mac OS is a chain of graphical user interface-based operating systems
made by Apple Corporation for their Macintosh line of computers .The Macintosh
users already familiar with GUI. It was unnamed when first Mac OS presented in
1984 with the original Macintosh. It was known as simple operating system or OS.First version of Mac OS was made only for 68K first Motorola processors. First version was “system 1” and given with MAC 1984
Features
of Mac OS
·
Mac does not have command line user interface.
·
Mac OS has GUI.
Simple OS
to Mac OS
·
Mac System 3, used files system HFS and it is used
officially.
·
Mac system 5.0 made to run several programs
instructions by the help of integrated multi finder at the same time.
·
Operating system made up to system 6.0 with 24
bit-addressing mood, programmed on assembler and Pascal language.
·
System 7.0 first supported 32-bit addressing.
·
System software name 7.6 changed into Mac OS in 1997.
Mac OS X.
·
Mac OS X firstly introduced X86 hardware in 2006 when Apple allows using Mac
OS x only in Intel-Macintosh systems.
Features
of Mac OS x.
·
Mac OS X is a good Desktop OS.
·
Different technologies like NEXTSTEP, Mach
Kernel, FreeBSD and NETBSD create power in Mac operating system X or OS X.
·
In March 2001 Mac OS 10 was introduced to
install are 128 MB and 1.5 GB hard disk space. Mac OS X 10.5 wants at least 512
MB RAM and 9 GByte of disk space.
Field of Application On Mac OS Xdigital photography.
2-D and 3-D animations.
Video processing, streaming.
Audio processing.
Platform for DTP, web design.
Structure Information supports QuickTime/VR.
Monolithic Kernel.
Read/Write FAT, FAT32, ISO9660, UDF.
Well proven TCP/IP Stack.
Graphical user interaction with the finder.
Graphical representation by Quick draw.
Central password administration (Keychain).
Why we use
Mac Server.
·
If
we use Mac client in our network it gives major advantages. It provides an very
easy establishment of features comparable to Win group policies for Mac
clients, it is very easy then to do the same for Win clients on a W Servers.
·
It
also has full support for all the small Mac client specifics like finder
attributes, resource forks and stuff like that which all have the potential to
become a real PITA if you use a Win or Linux server instead. Telling to the users
that you don't support these may be possible, but it also might break or end
some applications programs.
·
Administrator
is very easy than Linux and windows, at least for smallish groups. Scaling out
is another feature, but this requires thorough knowledge on any OS platform. At
least with simple requirements, a pro adman is very realistic for Mac OS. If we
plan to run a Win clients only or mixed Win/Mac environment with a Linux server
and Samba in a 10 to 20 user environment without a pro admin, we should use Mac
OS Server in many cases, as it shields all those implicit complexities behind a
really easy to use GUI.
·
It
is more expensive than Windows clients for the initial purchase, Macs have a
much lower TCO in many environments.[4]
WHY
we use different Operating systems.
Linux
It
is a UNIX like operating system, it is developed by the programmers to solve
the problems and to made software’s. This OS is free but it also has mammon and
importance. Mostly operating systems controlled by a single company but Linux
has an ordinary reliable core (called the "kernel") around which many varieties (known as "distributions").
It has been made by various companies and establishments. Some are aimed at
geeks, some focus on the needs of business users, and some are designed for
typical home users.
UNIX
·
UNIX has a simple
input output model.
·
UNIX has good
programming facilities.
·
UNIX has a
"building block" approach to programming.
·
UNIX has many text
programs.
·
UNIX networking is
easy to use and maintain.
UNIX developers
·
Don't need to write
graphical user interfaces.
·
Can
"borrow" source code from other peoples
Key
features
Multitasking
·
Can run multiple
programs "instantaneously".
Multiuser
·
Multiple users can
log in at the same time.
Network-ready
·
Built with the
network in mind. Supports remote users as easily as local ones
·
It gives Open and
standard environment.
·
It also used
hardware’s more perfectly.
·
UNIX is highly
configurable.
·
UNIX has very
flexible command line interface.
·
There is large number
of freely available programs of UNIX.
·
Multiple users share
common environment.
The
Mac OS
Mac
OS has great user interface its continuously trying to overhead Microsoft
windows OS. There are lot of programs are available for MAC OS, and it's moving
beyond its traditional niches of education, graphic design, and for home use,
into general business use. In OS X (ten), developers used UNIX technology which
made it more powerful. But the real star is OS X's graphical interface, which
shows the difference between Microsoft's in this area and Apple's original
design work no doubt it is very easy to use. The main "negative" to
Mac OS is that you need to buy an Apple computer to use it.
Windows
operating systems
We use windows
operating systems because it has well graphical user interface. And everything
is easy to use and understand in windows OS. Mostly new video games run on
windows OS.
No any command text
is needed to run any program on Windows OS. Lot of applications are available
which are made only for windows OS.
References
[1]: Kernighan and Summariz, P : The
Unix Programming Environment.
[2]: http://tldp.org/HOWTO/INFO-SHEET-2.html
[3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows#Early_versions
[4]:
http://serverfault.com/questions/49639/who-uses-mac-os-x-server-and-why
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